西藏自治区环境保护局副局长     张天华

Environmental Protection and Development in Tibet

Zhang Tianhua, Bureau of Environmental Protection, Tibet Autonomous Region

西藏是青藏高原的主体，平均海拔4000米以上，是我国、南亚、东南亚地区的“江河源”和“生态源”，是亚洲乃至北半球气候变化的“启动器”和“调节器”，是全球重要的生物物种基因库和生物多样性保护重点地区。中央政府和西藏自治区人民政府历来高度重视西藏的生态环境保护工作，半个多世纪以来，始终把西藏的生态环境保护与建设作为西藏现代化建设的一项重要内容，与经济发展和社会进步，以及人民生活水平的提高同步推进，坚持“在发展中重保护，在保护中求发展”，取得了重大成就。如今的西藏，山川秀美、河流清澈、动物多样、植物繁茂，水、气、声、土壤、辐射及生态环境质量均保持在良好状态，是世界上环境质量最好的地区之一。

Tibet, the main component of the Tibetan Plateau, averages above 4,000 meters altitude. It is a “source of rivers” and “source of ecology” in China, South Asia and Southeast Asia, a “startup” and “adjuster” for the climate in Asia and even the north hemisphere, and an important genetic storage of species and a key protection area for biological diversity in the globe. Both the Central Government and the Tibet Autonomous Region Government have always laid much emphasis on the ecological environmental protection in Tibet. Over half a century, they have viewed the ecological environmental protection and construction in Tibet as an important part of the modernization of Tibet all the time. So, they have boosted economic development, social progress and the improvement of people’s living standards simultaneously, and insisted on the policy to “pay attention to protection in development, and seek for development in protection”。 In doing so, they have made great achievements. In today’s Tibet, there are beautiful mountains, clean rivers, diverse animals and flourishing plants; the environmental quality of water, air, noise, soil and radiations has remained in a satisfactory state. So, it is one of the places with the best environmental quality in the world.

一、西藏生态环境保护与建设成就

1. The Achievements in Environmental Protection and Construction in Tibet

西藏高原国家生态安全屏障的构建。中央政府将西藏确定为国家的重要生态安全屏障。2009年2月批准实施《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划》，将西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程确定为国家重点生态工程，计划用近5个五年规划期的时间，投入资金100多亿元，到2030年基本建成西藏生态安全屏障。届时西藏自治区的退化草地和草原鼠害基本得到治理；沙化土地和水土流失治理面积大幅度提高；大江大河源头区、重要湖泊、湿地、河谷区生态环境保护和生物多样性保护取得重大进展；生态环境监管体系和监测网络更加完善；基本实现农村传统能源替代，生态环境与经济社会呈现协调发展趋势。

The building of a barrier for national ecological security in the Tibetan Plateau. The Central Government has chosen Tibet as an important national barrier for national ecological security. In Feb. 2009, it approved and implemented the Planning for the Protection and Construction of the Ecological Security Barrier in Tibet, deciding on the protection and construction of the ecological security barrier in Tibet as a key national ecological project. It intends to spend five Five-year Plan periods and invest more than 10 billion RMB to basically build up the Tibet ecological security barrier by 2030. Up to that time, the grassland degeneration and rat troubles in Tibet will have been largely harassed; the controlled areas of desertized lands and eroded soils will have been greatly increased; both the environmental protection at the source sites of large rivers, important lakes, wetlands and valleys and the protection of biological diversity will have been greatly boosted; and an environmental supervision system and a monitoring network will have been improved. In addition, the traditional energy in rural areas will have been largely replaced, and environment, economy and society will have shown a tendency of harmonious development.

加强西藏重要生态区的保护。建立了各级各类自然保护区45个（国家级9个）、生态功能保护区21个（国家级1个）、国家森林公园7个、地质公园3个（国家级2个）、国家级风景名胜区1个。自然保护区面积达41.26万平方公里，占西藏全区面积的34.38%，使西藏拥有的125种国家重点保护野生动物、39种国家重点保护野生植物和重要生态系统得到了有效保护。

The Intensified Protection of Important Ecological Areas in Tibet. There have been built up 45 natural reserves in various types at levels （with 9 at national level）, 21 ecological functional reserves （with one at national level）, 7 national forest parks, 3 geological parks （with two at national level）, and one national famous scenic zone. The natural reserves amount up to 412,260 square km, 34.38% the total areas of Tibet. These reserves and parks have efficiently protected 125 kinds of wild animals and 39 wild plants supposed to be under national key protection as well as some important ecological systems in Tibet.

积极开展生态环境建设与综合治理。国家不断加大对西藏生态环境保护与建设的投入，2001-2008年投入64.6亿元，积极推进生态环境保护与建设工作。国家开展了生态环境现状调查、生态功能区划、生态补偿研究等生态环境保护基础性工作。实施了长江上游天然林保护、退耕还林、重点区域造林工程，在西藏全区范围内停止天然林商品采伐，完成人工造林371万亩、封山育林837万亩。推行草场承包经营责任制，实施了退牧还草工程，促进了4591万亩天然草场的保护与恢复。对西藏3266.82万亩国家重点公益林进行长年管护。治理沙化土地面积64万亩、水土流失面积370.1平方公里。大力推进了农牧区传统能源替代，在西藏全区建设户用农村沼气6.5万座，使32.5万农牧民用上了方便清洁的沼气。在西藏全区范围内广泛推广使用太阳灶、太阳能热水器，太阳能光伏电站装机容量9000千瓦。

Active Construction and Comprehensive Control of Environment. The governments have constantly increased their investment in the environmental protection and construction, and invested 6.46 billion RMB totally from 2001 to 2008, actively boosting the environmental protection and construction. The governments have done basic work on environmental protection, including the survey of the status quo of environment, the division of ecological functions and the research of ecological compensation. They have implemented the protection of natural forests in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the project of returning farmlands to forests, and the afforestation in key areas. Meanwhile, they have stopped the felling of natural forests for commercial uses within the whole Tibet, afforested 3.71 million mu lands, and delimited 8.37 million mu mountainous areas for the natural growth of forests. At the same time, the governments have carried out a system of contracted responsibility for grasslands, and implemented the project of returning grazing to grasslands. These two activities have impelled the protection and restoration of 45.91 million mu natural grasslands. 3,266,820,000 mu national key forests in Tibet have been protected for public interests for long years, and 640,000 mu desertized lands and 370.1 square km eroded soils have been controlled. The substitution for traditional energy in rural and pasturing areas have been greatly boosted, with 65,000 methane pools built up in the rural areas within the whole Tibet, and 325,000 peasants and herdsmen have been able to live a convenient hygienic life. Solar ovens and solar energy water heaters have been spread and used all over Tibet, and the installation capacity of solar energy light voltage power stations have reached 9,000 kw.

二、经济发展中重环境保护

2. The Emphasis on Environmental Protection in Economic Development

促进可持续发展。西藏自治区坚持环境与发展综合决策，突出国策地位，人大审议颁布了10余部环境与资源保护地方性法规，自治区人民政府出台了《西藏自治区城镇集中式饮用水水源环境保护管理办法》和加强农牧区、城镇、旅游、矿产等环境保护工作的意见，实施了《西藏自治区“一江四河”流域污染防治规划》和《西藏自治区生态功能区划》等规划，积极促进环境保护与经济社会发展综合决策。西藏自治区人民政府决定从2008年开始开展全区主体功能区规划工作，根据各地资源禀赋条件、环境容量、生态环境承载能力、人口数量以及自治区发展规划和产业政策，明确不同区域功能定位和发展方向，将区域经济规划和环境保护目标有机结合起来，科学开发建设。

The Improvement of Sustainable Development. Tibet Autonomous Region has stressed both environmental protection and development, implementing the related policies of the central government earnestly. The Regional People’s Conference of Representatives has examined and promulgated more than 10 local statutes concerning the protection of environment and resources, and the Regional People’s Government has presented the Administrative Methods for the Environmental Protection of Concentrated Sources of Drinking Water in Cities and Towns of Tibet Autonomous Region and some opinions on the intensified environmental protection concerning farming and pasturing areas, urban and township communities, tourism and mining. In addition, the Tibet Region Government has implemented both the Planning for the Prevention and Control of Pollution in the Drainage Areas of Five Important Rivers of Tibet Autonomous Region and the Division of Ecological Functions of Tibet Autonomous Region, actively boosting the comprehensive decision-making for environmental protection and economic and social development. The People’s Government of Tibet Autonomous Region decided to plan the division of major functions all over the region in 2008, now it has specified the functions and development tendencies of different areas in accordance with the resource distribution, environmental capacity, environmental enduring ability and population in each place as well as the development planning and industrial policies of the Region. In this way, it combines the planning of regional economy reasonably with the goal of environment protection, developing and building in a scientific way.

严格环境准入，规范开发建设活动。严格执行环境影响制度，开展了30余项规划的环境影响评价工作，使西藏全区建设项目环境影响评价执行率达90%，重点建设项目环境影响评价执行率达100%。加强开发建设中的环境保护，只要是对生态环境有影响的项目，即使是挖金子我们也不干。自2006年1月1日起全面禁止开采砂金矿、2008年1月1日起禁止开采砂铁矿。举世瞩目的青藏铁路工程，按照建设生态线的要求，投入15.4亿元环保资金，有效保护了铁路沿线生态环境和自然景观，创造了铁路建设史上的环保典范。

Strictly Limited Environmental Entry, and Standardized Development and Construction Activities. A system of influences over environment has been strictly implemented, and an estimate of the influences of more than 30 plans over environment has been done. In this way, the implementation rate of environmental influence estimate for the construction projects all over the region reaches 90%, and that for key construction projects amounts 100%. Environmental protection has been strengthened in development and construction, and we abandon resolvedly any projects harmful to environment even if they may be extremely profitable. The mining of gold has been completely forbidden since Jan. 1, 2006, and the mining of iron since Jan. 1, 2008. For the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which has attracted the attention of the whole world, 1.54 billion RMB has been invested in accordance with the construction requirement of an ecological belt. That has efficiently protected the environment and natural landscapes along the railway line, and set up a model of environmental protection in the history of railway construction.

加强污染防治，着力改善生产生活环境。始终坚持慎重发展工业的原则，西藏明确禁止发展造纸、钢铁、化工等重污染、高耗能的工业，杜绝环境污染重、生态破坏大的项目进入西藏。西藏自治区投入上亿元开展了重点工业污染源达标治理工作，实现了主要污染企业污染物的达标排放。同时，不断淘汰落后生产工艺和设备，先后关闭水泥生产线9条、小钢铁厂7家、小造纸厂4家。

Strengthened Prevention and Control of Pollution, with Great Efforts on the Improvement of Producing and Living Conditions. The principle of prudent industrial development has been followed all the time. Tibet clearly forbids industries of serious pollution and high energy consumption, such as paper making, steel and iron, chemical industry, and it closes the door on any projects that pollute seriously and may incur serious damage to the environment in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region has invested as much as hundreds of millions RMB in the standard-reaching control of key industrial pollution sources, resulting in the standardized emission of contamination from major polluting enterprises. At the same time, it has constantly eliminated backward production techniques and facilities, closing 9 cement product lines, 7 small-sized steel plants and 4 small-sized paper making factories.

加强环境执法监管，维护环境安全。西藏积极开展禁止“白色污染”工作、“中华环保世纪行—西藏行”活动、“整治违法排污企业保障群众健康”环保专项行动，加强对矿产、水、旅游、藏药材等资源开发和重点基础设施建设的环境执法监管。通过加强环境执法监管，解决了一批群众反映强烈的环境问题，促进了环境质量的改善，保障了群众健康和环境安全。

Strengthened Environmental Law-Enforcing Supervision to Maintain Environmental Security. Tibet has been active in performing activities such as the prevention against “white pollution”， the “Centurial Tour of Chinese Environmental Protection—the Tour in Tibet”， and “Punish Enterprises Discharging Contamination Illegally and Guarantee People’s Health”， and strengthening its environmental law-enforcing supervision over resource exploitations such as minerals, water, tourism and Tibetan medicines and the construction of key infrastructure. With the strengthened environmental law-enforcing supervision, it has resolved a set of environmental problems that people have reported bitterly, boosted the improvement of environmental quality, and guaranteed people’s health and environmental security.

在发展旅游中高度重视生态环境保护。西藏自治区高度重视旅游发展同生态环境与文化遗产保护相协调，突出保护优先。制定旅游发展规划，把生态环境保护放在重要位置，做到科学选择旅游开发模式、正确规划旅游路线、严格按照环境容量确定旅游数量、合理安排旅游景点。

Much Emphasis on Environmental Protection in the Development of Tourism. Tibet Autonomous Region has laid much emphasis on the coordination between tourist development and the protection of environment and cultural heritage, and given priority to the protection. Tibet works out tourist development planning, giving priority to environmental protection. In doing so, it has tried to select tourist development models scientifically, plan tourist routes correctly, determine tourist flows strictly in accordance with environmental capacity, and arrange tourist sites reasonably.

应该看到，虽然中国中央政府和西藏地方政府为保护西藏的生态环境付出了巨大努力，取得了明显成效，但是，受全球气候变暖等因素的影响，西藏生态环境整体上仍处于轻中度退化状态。未来一段时间，西藏不仅要努力保护和改善现有的生态环境，维护生态功能，而且还要积极应对经济社会快速发展，特别是全球气候变暖所带来的环境压力与挑战。我们将全面加强生态文明建设，整体推进西藏的生态环境保护与建设，强化污染防治和辐射环境管理，严格环境执法监管，加强生态西藏建设，努力构筑稳固的西藏高原国家生态安全屏障，永葆雪域高原碧水蓝天，创造更加优美的环境和更加美好的生活。